(This is a tausend deustche mark or 1000 german marks. The currency before they had Euro).Wilhelm Carl Grimm
Wilhelm Carl Grimm (
February 24,
1786 –
December 16,
1859) was a German author, one of the
Brothers Grimm.He was born in
Hanau,
Germany and in
1803 he started studying
law at the University of
Marburg, one year after his brother
Jakob did the same.In
1825 Wilhelm married Henriette Dorothea Wild, also known as Dortchen.From
1837-
1841 the Grimm Brothers joined five of their colleague professors at the
University of Göttingen to form a group known as the Göttingen Sieben (The Göttingen Seven). They protested against
Ernst August, King of
Hanover, whom they accused of violating the
constitution. All seven were fired by the
king.
Jacob Ludwig Carl GrimmJacob Ludwig Carl Grimm (
January 4,
1785 –
September 20,
1863),
German philologist and
mythologist, was born at Hanau, in
Hesse-Kassel. He is best known as a writer of
fairy tales, one of
Brothers Grimm.
His father, who was a
lawyer, died while he was a child, and the mother was left with very small means; but her sister, who was lady of the chamber to the Iandgravine of Hesse, helped to support and educate her numerous family. Jacob, with his younger brother
Wilhelm (born on
February 24,
1786), was sent in
1798 to the public school at
Kassel.
In
1802 he proceeded to the
University of Marburg, where he studied law, a profession for which he had been destined by his father. His brother joined him at Marburg a year later, having just recovered from a long and severe illness, and likewise began the study of law.
Up to this time Jacob Grimm had been actuated only by a general thirst for knowledge and his energies had not found any aim beyond the practical one of making himself a position in life. The first definite impulse came from the lectures of
Savigny, the celebrated investigator of
Roman law, who, as Grimm himself says (in the preface to the Deutsche Grammatik), first taught him to realize what it meant to study any science. Savigny's lectures also awakened in him that love for historical and antiquarian investigation which forms the basis of all his work. Then followed personal acquaintance, and it was in Savigny's well-provided library that Grimm first turned over the leaves of
Bodmer's edition of the Old German minnesingers and other early texts, and felt an eager desire to penetrate further into the obscurities and half-revealed mysteries of their language.
In the beginning of
1805 he received an invitation from Savigny, who had moved to Paris, to help him in his literary work. Grimm passed a very happy time in Paris, strengthening his taste for the literatures of the middle ages by his studies in the Paris libraries. Towards the close of the year he returned to Kassel, where his mother and Wilhelm had settled, the latter having finished his studies. The next year he obtained a situation in the war office with the very small salary of 100 thalers. One of his grievances was that he had to exchange his stylish Paris suit for a stiff uniform and pigtail. But he had full leisure for the prosecution of his studies.
In
1808, soon after the death of his mother, he was appointed superintendent of the private library of
Jerome Bonaparte, king of Westphalia, into which Hesse-Kassel had been incorporated by
Napoleon. Jerome appointed him an auditor to the state council, while he retained his other post. His salary was increased in a short interval from 2000 to 4000 francs, and his official duties were hardly more than nominal. After the expulsion of Jerome and the reinstalment of an elector, Grimm was appointed in
1813 secretary of legation, to accompany the Hessian minister to the headquarters of the allied army. In 1814 he was sent to
Paris to demand restitution of the books carried off by the French, and in
1814–
1815 he attended the congress of Vienna as secretary of legation. On his return he was again sent to Paris on the same errand as before.
Meanwhile Wilhelm had received an appointment in the Kassel library, and in
1816 Jacob was made second librarian under Volkel. On the death of Volkel in
1828 the brothers expected to be advanced to the first and second librarianships respectively, and were dissatisfied when the first place was given to Rommel, the keeper of the archives. So they moved next year to
Göttingen where Jacob received the appointment of professor and librarian, and Wilhelm that of under-librarian. Jacob Grimm lectured on legal antiquities, historical grammar, literary history, and diplomatics, explained Old German poems, and commented on the Germania of
Tacitus.
At this period he is described as small and lively in figure, with a harsh voice, speaking a broad Hessian dialect. His powerful memory enabled him to dispense with the manuscript on which most German professors relied, and he spoke extempore — referring only occasionally to a few names and dates written on a slip of paper. He regretted that he had begun the work of teaching so late in life, but as a lecturer he was not successful: he had no aptitude for digesting facts and suiting them to the level of comprehension of his students. Even the brilliant, terse, and eloquent passages which abound in his writings lost much of their effect when jerked out in the midst of a long array of dry facts.
In
1837, having been one of the seven professors who signed a protest against the king of Hanover's abrogation of the constitution established some years before, he was dismissed from his professorship and banished from the kingdom of Hanover. He returned to Kassel together with his brother, who had also signed the protest, and remained there until
1840, when they accepted an invitation from the king of Prussia to move to
Berlin, where they both received professorships, and were elected members of the Academy of Sciences. Not being under any obligation to lecture, Jacob seldom did so, but together with his brother worked at their great dictionary. During their time in Kassel Jacob regularly attended the meetings of the academy, where he read papers on the most varied subjects. The best known of these are those on
Lachmann,
Schiller, and his brother Wilhelm (who died in
1859), on old age, and on the origin of language. He also described his impressions of Italian and Scandinavian travel, interspersing his more general observations with linguistic details, as is the case in all his works.
Grimm died in
1863, working even at the end. He was never ill, and worked all day, without haste and without pause. He was not at all impatient of interruption, but seemed rather to be refreshed by it, returning to his work without effort. He wrote for the press with great rapidity, and hardly ever made corrections. He never revised what he had written, remarking with a certain wonder on his brother, Wilhelm, who read his own manuscripts over again before sending them to press. His temperament was uniformly cheerful, and he was easily amused. Outside his own special work he had a marked taste for botany. The spirit which animated his work is best described by himself at the end of his autobiography:
"Nearly all my labors have been devoted, either directly or indirectly, to the investigation of our earlier language, poetry and laws. These studies may have appeared to many, and may still appear, useless; to me they have always seemed a noble and earnest task, definitely and inseparably connected with our common fatherland, and calculated to foster the love of it. My principle has always been in these investigations to under-value nothing, but to utilize the small for the illustration of the great, the popular tradition for the elucidation of the written monuments."
The purely scientific side of Grimm's character developed slowly. He seems to have felt the want of definite principles of etymology without being able to discover them, and indeed even in the first edition of his grammar (
1819) he seemed to be often groping in the dark. As early as
1815 we find
AW Schlegel reviewing the Altdeutsche Wälder (a periodical published by the two brothers) very severely, condemning the lawless etymological combinations it contained, and insisting on the necessity of strict philological method and a fundamental investigation of the laws of language, especially in the correspondence of sounds. This criticism is said to have had a considerable influence on the direction of Grimm's studies.
The first work Jacob Grimm published, Über den altdeutschen Meistergesang (
1811), was of a purely literary character. Yet even in this essay Grimm showed that
Minnesang and
Meistersang were really one form of poetry, of which they merely represented different stages of development, and also announced his important discovery of the invariable division of the Lied into three strophic parts.
His text-editions were mostly prepared in conjunction with his brother. In
1812 they published the two ancient fragments of the Hildebrandslied and the Weissenbrunner Gehet, Jacob having discovered what till then had never been suspected-- namely the
alliteration in these poems. However, Jacob had little taste for text editing, and, as he himself confessed, working on a critical text gave him little pleasure. He therefore left this department to others, especially Lachmann, who soon turned his brilliant critical genius, trained in the severe school of classical philology, to Old and
Middle High German poetry and metre.
Both brothers were attracted from the beginning by all national poetry, whether in the form of epics, ballads or popular tales. They published In
1816–
1818 an analysis and critical sifting of the oldest epic traditions of the Germanic races under the title of Deutsche Sagen. At the same time they collected all the popular tales they could find, partly from the mouths of the people, partly from manuscripts and books, and published in
1812–
1815 the first edition of those Kinder- und Hausmärchen which has carried the name of the brothers Grimm into every household of the civilized world, and which founded the science of
folk-lore. The closely related subject of the satirical beast epic of the
middle ages also held great charm for Jacob Grimm, and he published an edition of the Rejnhart Fuchs in
1834. His first contribution to mythology was the first volume of an edition of the
Eddaic songs, undertaken jointly with his brother, and published in
1815. However, this work was not followed by any others on the subject.
The first edition of his Deutsche Mythologie appeared in
1835. This great work covered the whole range of the subject, tracing the mythology and superstitions of the old
Teutons back to the very dawn of direct evidence, and following their decay and loss down to the popular traditions, tales and expressions in which they still linger.
Although, by the introduction of the
Code Napoleon into Westphalia, Grimm's legal studies were made practically useless, he never lost his interest in the scientific study of law and national institutions as the truest exponents of the life and character of a people. By the publication (in
1828) of his Rechtsalterthumer, he laid the foundations of historical study of the old Teutonic laws and constitutions which was continued with brilliant success by
Georg L Maurer and others. In this work Grimm showed the importance of linguistic study of the old laws, and the light that can be thrown on many a dark passage in them by a comparison of the corresponding words and expressions in the other old cognate dialects. He also knew how (and this is perhaps the most original and valuable part of his work) to trace the spirit of the laws in countless allusions and sayings which occur in the old poems and sagas, and even survive in modern colloquialisms.
Of all his more general works the boldest and most far-reaching was his Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, in which the linguistic elements are emphasized. The subject of the work is, indeed, nothing less than the history which lies hidden in the words of the German language (the oldest natural history of the Teutonic tribes determined by means of language). For this purpose he laboriously collected the scattered words and allusions found in classical writers, and endeavoured to determine the relationship between the German language and those of the
Getae,
Tifracians,
Scythians, and many other nations whose languages are known only by doubtfully identified, often extremely corrupted remains preserved by Greek and Latin authors. Grimm's results have been greatly modified by the wider range of comparison and improved methods of investigation which now characterize linguistic science, and many of the questions raised by him will probably for ever remain obscure; but his book will always be one of the most fruitful and suggestive that has ever been written.
Grimm's famous Deutsche Grammatik was the outcome of his purely philological work. The labors of past generations from the humanists onwards resulted in an enormous collection of materials in the shape of text-editions, dictionaries, and grammars, although most of it was uncritical and untrustworthy. Something had even been done in the way of the comparison and determination of general laws, and the concept of a comparative Teutonic grammar had been clearly grasped by the illustrious Englishman
George Hickes by the beginning of the
18th century in his Thesaurus.
Ten Kate in Holland had afterwards made valuable contributions to the history and comparison of the Teutonic languages. Even Grimm himself did not at first intend to include all the languages in his grammar, but he soon found that
Old High German postulated
Gothic, and that the later stages of German could not be understood without the help of the
Low German dialects including
English, and that the rich literature of Scandinavia could not ignored either. The first edition of the first part of the Grammar (which appeared in
1819), and is now extremely rare, treated of the inflections of all these languages, and included a general introduction, in which he vindicated the importance of an historical study of the German language against the
a priori, quasi-philosophical methods then in vogue.
In
1822 this volume appeared in a second edition (really a new work, for, as Grimm himself says in the preface, it cost him little reflection to mow down the first crop to the ground). The wide distance between the two stages of Grimm's development in these two editions is significantly shown by the fact that while the first edition gives only the inflections, in the second volume phonology takes up no fewer than 600 pages, more than half of the whole volume. Grimm had, at last, awakened to the full conviction that all sound philology must be based on rigorous adhesion to the laws of sound-change, and he never afterwards swerved from this principle, which gave to all his investigations, even in their boldest flights, that iron-bound consistency, and that force of conviction which distinguishes science from dilettanteism. Prior to Grimm's time, philology was nothing but a more or less laborious and conscientious dilettanteism, with occasional flashes of scientific inspiration.
His advances must be attributed mainly to the influence of his contemporary
Rasmus Christian Rask. Rask was born two years later than Grimm, but his remarkable precocity gave him something of an even start. In Grimm's first editions, his Icelandic paradigms are based entirely on Rask's grammar, and in his second edition, he relied almost entirely on Rask for Old English. His debt to Rask can only be estimated at its true value by comparing his treatment of
Old English in the two editions; the difference is very great. For example, in the first edition he declines disg, dceges, plural dcegas, without having observed the law of
vowel-change pointed out by Rask. There can be little doubt that the appearance of Rask's Old English grammar was a main inducement for him to recast his work from the beginning. To Rask also belongs the merit of having first distinctly formulated the laws of sound-correspondence in the different languages, especially in the vowels (those more fleeting elements of speech which had hitherto been ignored by
etymologists).
This leads to a question which has been the subject of much controversy, "Who discovered what is known as
Grimm's law?" This law of the correspondence of consonants in the older Indogermanic, and Low and High German languages was, first fully stated by Grimm in the second edition of the first part of his grammar. The correspondence of single consonants had been more or less clearly recognized by several of his predecessors, but the one who came nearest to the discovery of the complete law was the Swede
Johan Ihre, who established a considerable number of literarum permutationes, such as b for f, with the examples ba~ra =ferre, befwer =fiber. Rask, in his essay on the origin of the
Icelandic language, gave the same comparisons, with a few additions and corrections, and even the very same examples in most cases. As Grimm in the preface to his first edition expressly mentioned this essay of Rask, there is every probability that it inspired his own investigations. But there is a wide difference between the isolated permutations of his predecessors and his own comprehensive generalizations. The extension of the law to
High German is entirely his own work, however.
The only fact that can be adduced in support of the assertion that Grimm wished to deprive Rask of his claims to priority is that he does not expressly mention Rask's results in his second edition. But this is part of the plan of his work, to refrain from all controversy or reference to the works of others. In his first edition he expressly calls attention to Rask's essay, and praises it most ungrudgingly. Rask himself refers very little to Ihre, merely alluding in a general way to Ihres permutations, although his own debt to Ihre is infinitely greater than that of Grimm to Rask or to any one else. It is true that a certain bitterness of feeling afterwards sprang up between Grimm and Rask, but this was the fault of the latter, who, impatient of contradiction and irritable in controversy, refused to acknowledge the value of Grimm's views when they involved modification of his own.
The importance of Grimm's generalization in the history of philology cannot be overestimated, and even the mystic completeness and symmetry of its formulation, although it has proved a hindrance to the correct explanation of the causes of the changes, was well calculated to strike the popular mind, and give it a vivid idea of the paramount importance of law, and the necessity of disregarding mere superficial resemblance. The most lawless etymologist bows down to the authority of Grimm's law, even if he honors it almost as much in the breach as in the observance.
The grammar was continued in three volumes, treating principally derivation, composition and
syntax, the last of which was left unfinished. Grimm then began a third edition, of which only one part, comprising the vowels, appeared in
1840, his time being afterwards taken up mainly by the dictionary. The grammar stands alone in the annals of science for its comprehensiveness, method and fullness of detail. Every law, every letter, every syllable of inflection in the different languages was illustrated by an almost exhaustive mass of material, and it has served as a model for all succeeding investigators.
Diez's grammar of the Romance languages is founded entirely on its methods, which have also exerted a profound influence on the wider study of the indo-Germanic languages in general.
In the great German dictionary Grimm undertook a task for which he was hardly suited. His exclusively historical tendencies made it impossible for him to do justice to the individuality of a living language; and the disconnected statement of the facts of language in an ordinary alphabetical dictionary fatally mars its scientific character. It was also undertaken on so large a scale as to make it impossible for him and his brother to complete it themselves. The dictionary, as far as it was worked on by Grimm himself, may be described as a collection of disconnected antiquarian essays of high value.
Grimm's scientific character is notable for its combination of breadth and unity. He was as far removed from the narrowness of the specialist who has no ideas or sympathies beyond some one author, period, or corner of science, as he was from the shallow dabbler who feverishly attempts to master the details of half-a-dozen discordant pursuits. Even within his own special studies there is the same wise concentration; no
Mezzofanti-like display of polyglottism. The very foundations of his nature were harmonious; his patriotism and love of historical investigation received their fullest satisfaction in the study of the language, traditions, mythology, laws and literature of his own countrymen and their kin. But from this centre, he pursued his investigations in every direction as far as his unerring instinct would allow. He was equally fortunate in the harmony that existed between his intellectual and moral nature. He made cheerfully the heavy sacrifices that science demands from its disciples, without feeling any of that envy and bitterness which often torment weaker souls; although he lived apart from his fellow men, he was full of human sympathies, and no man has ever exercised a profounder influence on the destinies of mankind. His was the very ideal of the noblest type of German character.
This information was taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Grimm. The works sited are on these pages. This information is copyright to the listed works sited. None of this is my own.
